| Anoxybacillus flavithermus |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Bacillota (Firmicutes), Class Bacilli, Order Caryophanales, Family Bacillaceae, Genus Anoxybacillus, Anoxybacillus
flavithermus Pikuta et al. 2000.
Old synonym: "Bacillus flavothermus" Heinen et al. 1982.
Subspecies:
- Anoxybacillus flavithermus subsp. flavithermus (Pikuta et al. 2000) Dai et al. 2011;
- Anoxybacillus flavithermus subsp. yunnanensis Dai et al. 2011.
flavithermus Pikuta et al. 2000.
Old synonym: "Bacillus flavothermus" Heinen et al. 1982.
Subspecies:
- Anoxybacillus flavithermus subsp. flavithermus (Pikuta et al. 2000) Dai et al. 2011;
- Anoxybacillus flavithermus subsp. yunnanensis Dai et al. 2011.
Gram-positive rods, 0.85 x 2.3-7.1 µm, occurring in single, pairs or sometimes in long chains . Motile. Produce terminal endospores.
Subsp. flavithermus
Colonies are round, smooth and yellow in colour. Growth occurs at 30-72 ºC (optimum
60 ºC), optimum pH range 6.0-9.0 (no growth at pH 5.0). Can grow in 2.5% NaCl broth,
but not in 3% NaCl. Grows in peptone-yeast extract media. Facultatively anaerobic.
Subsp. yunnanensis
Colonies are round, 1-2.0 mm in diameter, usually cream and smooth. Growth occurs
at 30-66 ºC (optimum 60 ºC), at pH 5.5-10.0 (optimum pH range 7.0-7.5) and in 0-3.5%
(w/v) NaCl (optimum 0.3% NaCl). Grows better in the presence of ethanol. Facultatively
anaerobic.
Colonies are round, smooth and yellow in colour. Growth occurs at 30-72 ºC (optimum
60 ºC), optimum pH range 6.0-9.0 (no growth at pH 5.0). Can grow in 2.5% NaCl broth,
but not in 3% NaCl. Grows in peptone-yeast extract media. Facultatively anaerobic.
Subsp. yunnanensis
Colonies are round, 1-2.0 mm in diameter, usually cream and smooth. Growth occurs
at 30-66 ºC (optimum 60 ºC), at pH 5.5-10.0 (optimum pH range 7.0-7.5) and in 0-3.5%
(w/v) NaCl (optimum 0.3% NaCl). Grows better in the presence of ethanol. Facultatively
anaerobic.
Subsp. flavithermus was isolated from hot spring in New Zealand.
Subsp. yunnanensis was isolated from a geothermal spring in Yunnan Province of China. The bacterium is able to tolerate 13% (v/v)
ethanol at 60 ºC.
Subsp. yunnanensis was isolated from a geothermal spring in Yunnan Province of China. The bacterium is able to tolerate 13% (v/v)
ethanol at 60 ºC.
Undetermined.
- Pikuta E, Lysenko A, Chuvilskaya N, Mendrock U, Hippe H, Suzina N, Nikitin D, Osipov G, Laurinavichius K. Anoxybacillus
pushchinensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel anaerobic, alkaliphilic, moderately thermophilic bacterium from manure, and description
of Anoxybacillus flavithermus comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000; 50:2109-2117. - Dai J, Liu Y, Lei Y, Gao Y, Han F, Xiao Y, Peng H. A new subspecies of Anoxybacillus flavithermus subsp. yunnanensis ssp. nov.
with very high ethanol tolerance. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 320:72-78. - Belduz AO, Dulger S, Demirbag Z. Anoxybacillus gonensis sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic, xylose-utilizing, endospore-forming
bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:1315-1320. - Dulger S, Demirbag Z, Belduz AO. Anoxybacillus ayderensis sp. nov. and Anoxybacillus kestanbolensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol
Microbiol 2004; 54:1499-1503. - Cihan AC, Cokmus C, Koc M, Ozcan B. Anoxybacillus calidus sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from soil near a thermal
power plant. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:211-219.
Subsp. flavithermus
Positive results for arginine dihydrolase, catalase, beta-galactosidase, lysine decarboxylase, methyl red test, nitrate reduction,
oxidase, starch hydrolysis, tryptophan deaminase, acid production from: D-galactose, lactose, D-mannose, D-mannitol and sucrose.
Can utilize: L-arabinose (weakly), D-mannose, starch, sucrose, glucose and mannitol
Negative results for casein hydrolysis, citrate utilization, gelatinase, H2S production, indole production, ornithine decarboxylase,
urease, tyrosine, acid production from: L-arabinose, raffinose, D-sorbitol, D-xylose.
No utilization of: lactate, lactose, rhamnose, glycogen, raffinose and xylose.
Variable results for Voges-Proskauer test.
Subsp. yunnanensis
Positive results for catalase.
Can utilize arabinose, cellobiose, galactose, gluconate, glucose, maltose, mannitol, sucrose, trehalose and xylose.
Negative results for gelatin hydrolysis, indole production, nitrate reduction, phenylalanine deaminase and starch hydrolysis.
No utilization of: ethanol, fructose, lactose, mannose, rhamnose and ribose.
Positive results for arginine dihydrolase, catalase, beta-galactosidase, lysine decarboxylase, methyl red test, nitrate reduction,
oxidase, starch hydrolysis, tryptophan deaminase, acid production from: D-galactose, lactose, D-mannose, D-mannitol and sucrose.
Can utilize: L-arabinose (weakly), D-mannose, starch, sucrose, glucose and mannitol
Negative results for casein hydrolysis, citrate utilization, gelatinase, H2S production, indole production, ornithine decarboxylase,
urease, tyrosine, acid production from: L-arabinose, raffinose, D-sorbitol, D-xylose.
No utilization of: lactate, lactose, rhamnose, glycogen, raffinose and xylose.
Variable results for Voges-Proskauer test.
Subsp. yunnanensis
Positive results for catalase.
Can utilize arabinose, cellobiose, galactose, gluconate, glucose, maltose, mannitol, sucrose, trehalose and xylose.
Negative results for gelatin hydrolysis, indole production, nitrate reduction, phenylalanine deaminase and starch hydrolysis.
No utilization of: ethanol, fructose, lactose, mannose, rhamnose and ribose.
(c) Costin Stoica
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