| Clavibacter phaseoli |
Legend: + positive; - negative; V variable; nd not determined.
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Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters *
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Actinomycetota, Class Actinomycetes, Order Micrococcales, Family Microbacteriaceae, Genus Clavibacter Davis, Gillaspsie
Jr., Vidaver and Harris 1984, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. phaseoli Gonzales and Trapiello 2014.
Arizala et al. (2022) merged Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. chilensis and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. phaseoli as
Clavibacter phaseoli sp. nov.
Jr., Vidaver and Harris 1984, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. phaseoli Gonzales and Trapiello 2014.
Arizala et al. (2022) merged Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. chilensis and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. phaseoli as
Clavibacter phaseoli sp. nov.
Gram-positive coryneform rods. Non-motile. Non-sporulated.
Colonies are yellow, round, mucoid or fluidal and entire, 1.5-2 mm in diameter after 5
days in incubation on King B medium at 25 ºC. Grows on King B medium, TTC
(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) agar, YSC, YDC, medium-6, CNS medium, CMM1
and BCT media; sucrose appears to be the preffered carbon surce. Aerobe. Optimal
growth at 24-28 ºC; range 4-35 ºC. Can grow in 0-5% NaCl.
days in incubation on King B medium at 25 ºC. Grows on King B medium, TTC
(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) agar, YSC, YDC, medium-6, CNS medium, CMM1
and BCT media; sucrose appears to be the preffered carbon surce. Aerobe. Optimal
growth at 24-28 ºC; range 4-35 ºC. Can grow in 0-5% NaCl.
Isolated from bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris) and from tomato seeds produced in in Chile and India.
Pathogenic in bean, causing bacterial bean leaf yellowing: brown spots, yellowing and chlorosis in leaves, vascular wilting, rot and
necrosis, alteration of leaf nerves and burnt. On pods, the symptoms consisted of orange spots and darkening sutures, which
culminated in drying; whereas on seeds, the symptoms observed were small size in some and the appearance of some spots.
necrosis, alteration of leaf nerves and burnt. On pods, the symptoms consisted of orange spots and darkening sutures, which
culminated in drying; whereas on seeds, the symptoms observed were small size in some and the appearance of some spots.
- Gonzales A.J. and Trapiello E. 2014. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. phaseoli subsp. nov., pathogenic in bean. Int. J. Syst. Evol.
Microbiol. 64, 1752-1755. - Yasuhara-Bell J. and Alvarez A.M., 2015. Seed-associated subspecies of the genus Clavibacter are clearly distinguishable from
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Int. J. Syst. Microbiol. 65, 811-826. - Cummins C.S., Lelliott R.A. and Rogosa M., 1975. Genus Corynebacterium Lehmann and Neumann 1896. In: Buchanan R.E. and
Gibbons N.E. (Editors), Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Eight Edition, The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore,
602-617. - Holt J.G., Krieg N.R., Sneath P.H.A., Staley J.T. and Williams S.T., 1994. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Ninth
Edition, Williams & Wilkins, A Waverly Company, Baltimore, pp 571-596. - Davis M.J., Gillaspie Jr. A.G., Vidaver A.K. and Harris R.W., 1984. Clavibacter: a New Genus Containing Some Phytopathogenic
Coryneform Bacteria, Including Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli sp. nov., subsp. nov. and Clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis subsp. nov.,
Pathogens That Cause Ratoon Stunting Disease of Sugarcane and Bermudagrass Stunting Disease. IJSB Vol. 34, No. 2, p.107-
117. - Carlson R.R. and Vidaver A.K., 1982. Taxonomy of Corynebacterium Plant Pathogens, Including a New Pathogen of Wheat, Based
on Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Cellular Proteins. IJSB Vol. 32, N0. 3, p. 315-326. - Vidaver A.K. and Mandel M., 1974. Corynebacterium nebraskense, a New, Orange-Pigmented Phytopathogenic Species. Int. J. Syst.
Bacteriol. Vol. 24, No. 4, p. 482-485. - Arizala D, Dobhal S, Alvarez AM, Arif M. Elevation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. californiensis to species level as Clavibacter
californiensis sp. nov., merging and re-classification of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. chilensis and Clavibacter michiganensis
subsp. phaseoli as Clavibacter phaseoli sp. nov. based on complete genome in silico analyses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72:
5427.
Not acid fast. Description is based on API 50 CH, API ZYM, API Coryne and Biolog tests.
Positive results for acid phosphatase, catalase, citrate utilization, cystine arylamidase, esculin hydrolysis, esterase (C4), esterase
lipase (C8), alpha- and beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, leucine arylamidase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, starch
hydrolysis (weak), Tween 80 hydrolysis, acid production from glucose (weak).
Can utilize L-lactate, lactose, melibiose, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, N-acetylglucosamine, gluconate, 5-ketogluconate, ribose,
D-mannitol, sucrose, D-xylose, acetate, dextrin, maltose, trehalose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, sucrose, turanose, stachyose, raffinose,
methyl beta-D-glucoside, D-salicin, alpha-D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-fucose, inosine, D-sorbitol,
D-mannitol, myo-inositol, glycerol, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, pectin, D-gluconic acid, glucuronamide, quinic acid,
L-malic acid, acetoacetic acid and acetic acid.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, casein hydrolysis, gelatinase, H2S production, lipase, alpha-mannosidase, methyl red test,
naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, nitrate reduction, oxidase, urease, acid production from: adonitol, glycerol, inulin, mannitol,
mannose, raffinose, rhamnose, ribose and sorbitol.
No utilization of adonitol, erythritol, sorbitol, homoserine, D-tartrate, trigonelline, betaine, gentiobiose and quinate.
Variable results for alkaline phosphatase and beta-glucosidase.
* includes data from the former C. michiganensis subsp. chilensis.
Positive results for acid phosphatase, catalase, citrate utilization, cystine arylamidase, esculin hydrolysis, esterase (C4), esterase
lipase (C8), alpha- and beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, leucine arylamidase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, starch
hydrolysis (weak), Tween 80 hydrolysis, acid production from glucose (weak).
Can utilize L-lactate, lactose, melibiose, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, N-acetylglucosamine, gluconate, 5-ketogluconate, ribose,
D-mannitol, sucrose, D-xylose, acetate, dextrin, maltose, trehalose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, sucrose, turanose, stachyose, raffinose,
methyl beta-D-glucoside, D-salicin, alpha-D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-fucose, inosine, D-sorbitol,
D-mannitol, myo-inositol, glycerol, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, pectin, D-gluconic acid, glucuronamide, quinic acid,
L-malic acid, acetoacetic acid and acetic acid.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, casein hydrolysis, gelatinase, H2S production, lipase, alpha-mannosidase, methyl red test,
naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, nitrate reduction, oxidase, urease, acid production from: adonitol, glycerol, inulin, mannitol,
mannose, raffinose, rhamnose, ribose and sorbitol.
No utilization of adonitol, erythritol, sorbitol, homoserine, D-tartrate, trigonelline, betaine, gentiobiose and quinate.
Variable results for alkaline phosphatase and beta-glucosidase.
* includes data from the former C. michiganensis subsp. chilensis.
(c) Costin Stoica
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