| Lactobacillus (Levilactobacillus) brevis |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Bacillota (Firmicutes), Class Bacilli, Order Lactobacillales, Family Lactobacillaceae, Genus Lactobacillus [Group C
lactobacilli (obligately heterofermentative), unique phylogenetic group], Lactobacillus brevis (Orla-Jensen 1919) Bergey, Breed,
Hammer, Huntoon, Murray and Harrison 1934.
Homotypic synonym: Levilactobacillus brevis (Orla-Jensen 1919) Zheng et al. 2020.
Historical synonyms: Bacillus Y von Freudenreich 1891, Bacillus casei Y von Freudenreich and Thöni 1904, Betabacterium breve
Orla-Jensen 1919, Lactobacterium breve (Orla-Jensen 1919) Krasil'nikov 1949, Bacillus lindneri Henneberg 1901, Bacillus
fasciformis Schönfeld and Rommel 1902, Bacillus brassicae fermentatae Henneberg 1903, Bacillus panis fermentati Henneberg
1903, Bacterium soya Saito 1907, Lactobacillus fermentatae Bergey et al. 1923, Lactobacillus rudensis Davis 1937.
lactobacilli (obligately heterofermentative), unique phylogenetic group], Lactobacillus brevis (Orla-Jensen 1919) Bergey, Breed,
Hammer, Huntoon, Murray and Harrison 1934.
Homotypic synonym: Levilactobacillus brevis (Orla-Jensen 1919) Zheng et al. 2020.
Historical synonyms: Bacillus Y von Freudenreich 1891, Bacillus casei Y von Freudenreich and Thöni 1904, Betabacterium breve
Orla-Jensen 1919, Lactobacterium breve (Orla-Jensen 1919) Krasil'nikov 1949, Bacillus lindneri Henneberg 1901, Bacillus
fasciformis Schönfeld and Rommel 1902, Bacillus brassicae fermentatae Henneberg 1903, Bacillus panis fermentati Henneberg
1903, Bacterium soya Saito 1907, Lactobacillus fermentatae Bergey et al. 1923, Lactobacillus rudensis Davis 1937.
Gram-positive rods with rounded ends, 0.7-1.0 x 2.0-4.0 µm, occuring singly or in
short chains. Gram or methylene blue stains may reveal bipolar or other granulations.
short chains. Gram or methylene blue stains may reveal bipolar or other granulations.
Colonies generally rough or intermediate, flat, may be nearly translucent; generally
non-pigmented, some strains pigmented orange to red. Optimum growth
temperature is 30 ºC. Can grow at 10 ºC. No growth at 4 or 45 ºC. Grows at ph 5-10
and in 1-7% NaCl. Growth factor requirements: calcium pantothenate, niacin,
thiamine, and folic acid are essential.
non-pigmented, some strains pigmented orange to red. Optimum growth
temperature is 30 ºC. Can grow at 10 ºC. No growth at 4 or 45 ºC. Grows at ph 5-10
and in 1-7% NaCl. Growth factor requirements: calcium pantothenate, niacin,
thiamine, and folic acid are essential.
Isolated from milk, cheese, beer, sauerkraut, sourdough, silage, cow manure, feces, mouth, and intestinal tract of humans, pigs,
birds, cattle and rats. Can produce bacteriocins.
birds, cattle and rats. Can produce bacteriocins.
Undetermined. Beer contaminant.
- Hammes W.P. and Hertel C., 2009. Genus I. Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901. In: (Eds.) P.D. Vos, G. Garrity, D. Jones, N.R. Krieg, W.
Ludwig, F.A. Rainey, K.-H. Schleifer, W.B. Whitman. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 3: The Firmicutes,
Springer, 465-511. - Rogosa M., 1974. Genus I. Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901. In: (Eds.) Buchanan R.E. and Gibbons N.E., Bergey’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology, Eighth Edition , The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 576-593. - Kanta Sakamoto, Abelardo Margolles, Hendrik W. van Veen, and Wil N. Konings. Hop Resistance in the Beer Spoilage Bacterium
Lactobacillus brevis Is Mediated by the ATP-Binding Cassette Multidrug Transporter HorA. J Bacteriol. 2001 September; 183(18):
5371–5375. - N. Mojgani, G. Sabiri, M. Ashtiani, M. Torshizi. Characterization of Bacteriocins Produced by Lactobacillus brevis NM 24 and L.
fermentum NM 332 Isolated from Green Olives in Iran. The Internet Journal of Microbiology, Volume 6, Number 2. - Lin ST, Wang LT, Wang HM, Tamura T, Mori K, Huang L and Watanabe K, 2020. Lactobacillus suantsaicola sp. nov. and
Lactobacillus suantsaiihabitans sp. nov., isolated from suan-tsai, a traditional fermented mustard green product of Taiwan. Int J
Syst Evol Microbiol 70, 2972-2980. - Zheng J, Wittouck S, Salvetti E, Franz MAP et al., 2020. A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel
genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae.
Int J Syst Microbiol. 70, 2782-2858. - Goodfellow, M., T.M. Embley and B. Austin. 1985. Numerical taxonomy and emended description of Renibacterium salmoninarum.
J. Gen. Microbiol. 131: 2739-2752.
Obligately heterofermentative (hexoses are fermented to lactic acid, acetic acid (ethanol), and CO2 via the phosphogluconate pathway;
pentoses are fermented to lactic acid and acetic acid by the related pentose phosphate pathaway).
Positive results for acid phosphatase, arginine dihydrolase, cystine arylamidase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), alpha- and
beta-galactosidase, alpha- and beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, leucine arylamidase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase,
valine arylamidase, fermentation of glucose (with gas production), gluconate (with gas production), N-acetylglucosamine (weak
reaction), 5-ketogluconate (weak reaction), maltose, melibiose and ribose.
Negative results for alkaline phosphatase, catalase, citrate utilization, casein hydrolysis, chitin hydrolysis, chymotrypsin, esculin
hydrolysis, alpha-fucosidase, gelatin hydrolysis, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, indole production, H2S production, lipase (C14),
lysine decarboxilase, alpha-mannosidase, ornithine decarboxilase, oxidase, starch hydrolysis, tryptophane deaminase, trypsin,
Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80 hydrolysis, Voges-Proskauer, urease, fermentation of methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, methyl
alpha-D-mannopyranoside, methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside, adonitol, arbutin, L- and D-arabitol, amygdalin, cellobiose, dulcitol,
erythritol, D- and L- fucose, glycerol, gentibiose, glycogen, inositol, inulin, 2-ketogluconate, D-lyxose, mannose, melezitose,
rhamnose, starch, L-sorbose, salicin, sorbitol, turanose, D-tagatose, trehalose and xylitol.
Variable results for fermentation of arabinose, esculin, fructose, galactose, lactose (weak reaction), mannitol (weak reaction),
raffinose, sucrose, and xylose.
pentoses are fermented to lactic acid and acetic acid by the related pentose phosphate pathaway).
Positive results for acid phosphatase, arginine dihydrolase, cystine arylamidase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), alpha- and
beta-galactosidase, alpha- and beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, leucine arylamidase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase,
valine arylamidase, fermentation of glucose (with gas production), gluconate (with gas production), N-acetylglucosamine (weak
reaction), 5-ketogluconate (weak reaction), maltose, melibiose and ribose.
Negative results for alkaline phosphatase, catalase, citrate utilization, casein hydrolysis, chitin hydrolysis, chymotrypsin, esculin
hydrolysis, alpha-fucosidase, gelatin hydrolysis, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, indole production, H2S production, lipase (C14),
lysine decarboxilase, alpha-mannosidase, ornithine decarboxilase, oxidase, starch hydrolysis, tryptophane deaminase, trypsin,
Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80 hydrolysis, Voges-Proskauer, urease, fermentation of methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, methyl
alpha-D-mannopyranoside, methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside, adonitol, arbutin, L- and D-arabitol, amygdalin, cellobiose, dulcitol,
erythritol, D- and L- fucose, glycerol, gentibiose, glycogen, inositol, inulin, 2-ketogluconate, D-lyxose, mannose, melezitose,
rhamnose, starch, L-sorbose, salicin, sorbitol, turanose, D-tagatose, trehalose and xylitol.
Variable results for fermentation of arabinose, esculin, fructose, galactose, lactose (weak reaction), mannitol (weak reaction),
raffinose, sucrose, and xylose.
(c) Costin Stoica
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