| Micrococcus (Arthrobacter) agilis |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Actinomycetota, Class Actinomycetes, Order Micrococcales, Family Micrococcaceae, Genus Micrococcus, Micrococcus agilis
Ali-Cohen 1889.
Moved to genus Arthrobacter as Arthrobacter agilis (Ali-Cohen 1889) Koch et al. 1995.
Ali-Cohen 1889.
Moved to genus Arthrobacter as Arthrobacter agilis (Ali-Cohen 1889) Koch et al. 1995.
Gram-positive cocci, 0.8-1.2 μm in diameter, occuring in pairs and tetrads. Motile by
one to three flagella. Nonmotile strains may occur. Endospores are not formed.
one to three flagella. Nonmotile strains may occur. Endospores are not formed.
Agar colonies are circular, entire, slightly convex, smooth, and matte. Sediment is
formed in nutrient broth. Good growth and dark rose-red pigmentation occur on agar
slants. The pigment is water insoluble. No growth occurs on Simmons’ citrate. Beta-
hemolysis does not occur. Good growth occurs at 20-30 ºC. No growth at 37 ºC or in
5% NaCl media. Aerobic.
formed in nutrient broth. Good growth and dark rose-red pigmentation occur on agar
slants. The pigment is water insoluble. No growth occurs on Simmons’ citrate. Beta-
hemolysis does not occur. Good growth occurs at 20-30 ºC. No growth at 37 ºC or in
5% NaCl media. Aerobic.
Isolated from water, soil, and human skin. Susceptible to penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin,
novobiocin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and gentamicin. Resistant to lysozyme.
novobiocin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and gentamicin. Resistant to lysozyme.
Saprophytic.
- Koch C., Schumann P. and Stackebrandt E.: Reclassification of Micrococcus agilis (Ali-Cohen 1889) to the genus Arthrobacter as
Arthrobacter agilis comb. nov. and emendation of the genus Arthrobacter. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. - Hans-Jurgen Busse, 2012. Family I. Micrococcaceae Pribham 1929, 361 AL emend. Stackebrandt, Rainey and Ward-Rainey 1997,
479 in: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, Volume Five The Actinobacteria, Part A, Springer, 571-666. - Lee JY, Hyun DW, Soo Kim P, Sik Kim H, Shin NR, Yun JH, Jung MJ, Kim MS, Woong Whon T, Bae JW. Arthrobacter echini sp. nov.,
isolated from the gut of a purple sea urchin, Heliocidaris crassispina. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:1887-1893.
Positive results for acid and alkaline phosphatase, catalase, esculin hydrolysis, esterase lipase (C8), esterase (C4), gelatin
hydrolysis, alpha- and beta-galactosidase (ONPG), alpha-glucosidase, leucine arylamidase, oxidase, starch hydrolysis, and valine
arylamidase.
Can utilize (Biolog GP2) Tween 40, pyruvatic acid methyl ester, dextrin, D-fructose, cellobiose, D-gluconic acid, alpha-D-glucose,
maltose, maltotriose, D-mannose, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, D-psicose, sucrose, turanose, pyruvic acid, glycerol, and adenosine.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, beta-gucuronidase, beta-glucosidase, H2S production, indole production, lipase (C14),
alpha-mannosidase, methyl red test, nitrate reduction, ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase,
naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, phenylalanine deaminase, tyrosinase, trypsin, urease, Voges-Proskauer test, acid production
from glucose, mannose, lactose, galactose, and glycerol.
No utilization of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, DL-alpha-glycerol phosphate, L-alaninamide, Tween 80, acetic acid, lactamide,
p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, propionic acid, adenosine-5'-monophosphate, palatinose, inosine, uridine, arbutin, D-ribose,
L-pyroglutamic acid, L-serine, alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin, glycogen, inulin, mannan, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine,
N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine, amygdalin, L-arabinose, D-arabitol, L-fucose, D-galacturonic acid, myo-inositol, alpha-lactose,
lactulose, melezitose, melibiose, methyl alpha-D-galactoside, methyl beta-D-galactoside, 3-methyl glucose, methyl
alpha-D-glucoside, methyl beta-D-glucoside, methyl alpha-D-mannoside, L-rhamnose, salicin, sedoheptulosan, stachyose,
D-tagatose, xylitol, D-xylose, alpha- and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, alpha-ketovaleric acid, D-lactic acid methyl ester, D- and L-alanine,
L-asparagine, putrescine, 2,3-butanediol, 2'-deoxyadenosine, thymidine, thymidine-5'-monophosphate, uridine-5'-monophosphate,
alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and D-glucose-6-phosphate.
Variable results for DNase and Tween 80 hydrolysis.
hydrolysis, alpha- and beta-galactosidase (ONPG), alpha-glucosidase, leucine arylamidase, oxidase, starch hydrolysis, and valine
arylamidase.
Can utilize (Biolog GP2) Tween 40, pyruvatic acid methyl ester, dextrin, D-fructose, cellobiose, D-gluconic acid, alpha-D-glucose,
maltose, maltotriose, D-mannose, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, D-psicose, sucrose, turanose, pyruvic acid, glycerol, and adenosine.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, beta-gucuronidase, beta-glucosidase, H2S production, indole production, lipase (C14),
alpha-mannosidase, methyl red test, nitrate reduction, ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase,
naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, phenylalanine deaminase, tyrosinase, trypsin, urease, Voges-Proskauer test, acid production
from glucose, mannose, lactose, galactose, and glycerol.
No utilization of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, DL-alpha-glycerol phosphate, L-alaninamide, Tween 80, acetic acid, lactamide,
p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, propionic acid, adenosine-5'-monophosphate, palatinose, inosine, uridine, arbutin, D-ribose,
L-pyroglutamic acid, L-serine, alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin, glycogen, inulin, mannan, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine,
N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine, amygdalin, L-arabinose, D-arabitol, L-fucose, D-galacturonic acid, myo-inositol, alpha-lactose,
lactulose, melezitose, melibiose, methyl alpha-D-galactoside, methyl beta-D-galactoside, 3-methyl glucose, methyl
alpha-D-glucoside, methyl beta-D-glucoside, methyl alpha-D-mannoside, L-rhamnose, salicin, sedoheptulosan, stachyose,
D-tagatose, xylitol, D-xylose, alpha- and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, alpha-ketovaleric acid, D-lactic acid methyl ester, D- and L-alanine,
L-asparagine, putrescine, 2,3-butanediol, 2'-deoxyadenosine, thymidine, thymidine-5'-monophosphate, uridine-5'-monophosphate,
alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and D-glucose-6-phosphate.
Variable results for DNase and Tween 80 hydrolysis.
(c) Costin Stoica
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