| Kocuria polaris |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Actinomycetota, Class Actinomycetes, Order Micrococcales, Family Micrococcaceae, Genus Kocuria, Kocuria polaris Reddy et
al. 2003.
Species description is based on a single isolate.
al. 2003.
Species description is based on a single isolate.
Gram-positive cocci, 1.0-1.5 μm in diameter, occuring in pairs, tetrads and clusters.
Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile. Nonencapsulated.
Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile. Nonencapsulated.
Colonies on peptone-yeast extract medium were 0.1-2.0 mm in diameter, smooth,
round, uniform edged, translucent, extremely mucoid, and orange in color.
Psychrotrophic, growing between 5 and 30 ºC (optimum at 20 ºC). Grows at pH 7-12
and in up to 2.9% NaCl. Aerobic. Cells contain six water-insoluble pigments (soluble
in methanol). Pigment production is not dependent on any specific growth conditions
or on medium composition.
round, uniform edged, translucent, extremely mucoid, and orange in color.
Psychrotrophic, growing between 5 and 30 ºC (optimum at 20 ºC). Grows at pH 7-12
and in up to 2.9% NaCl. Aerobic. Cells contain six water-insoluble pigments (soluble
in methanol). Pigment production is not dependent on any specific growth conditions
or on medium composition.
Isolated from a cyanobacterial mat sample from McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Resistant to nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid and colistin.
Sensitive to ampicillin, cefoperazone, co-trimoxazole, amikacin, cefazoline, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, vancomycin, tetracycline,
lomefloxacin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, tobramycin, cephotaxime, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, kanamycin, norfloxacin,
amoxycillin and cefuroxime.
Sensitive to ampicillin, cefoperazone, co-trimoxazole, amikacin, cefazoline, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, vancomycin, tetracycline,
lomefloxacin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, tobramycin, cephotaxime, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, kanamycin, norfloxacin,
amoxycillin and cefuroxime.
Undetermined.
- Hans-Jurgen Busse, 2012. Family I. Micrococcaceae Pribham 1929, 361 AL emend. Stackebrandt, Rainey and Ward-Rainey 1997,
479 in: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition, Volume Five The Actinobacteria, Part A, Springer, 571-666. - Reddy G.S.N., Prakash J.S.S., Prabahar V., Matsumoto G.I., Stackebrandt E. and Shivaji S.: Kocuria polaris sp. nov., an orange-
pigmented psychrophilic bacterium isolated from an Antarctic cyanobacterial mat sample. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2003, 53, 183-
187. - Maylraj S., Kroppenstedt R.M., Suresh K. and Saini H.S.: Kocuria himachalensis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from the
Indian Himalayas. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2006, 56, 1971-1975.
Positive results for arginine dihydrolase, catalase, nitrate reduction, oxidase, phosphatase, starch hydrolysis, acid production from
fructose, galactose (usually), D-glucose, lactose, myo-inositol, inulin, melibiose, mannitol, L-rhamnose, sorbitol, salicin, sucrose and
D-xylose (contradictions in text).
Can utilize as sole carbon source mannose, galactose, maltose, fructose, glucose, ribose, xylose, rhamnose, raffinose, trehalose,
fumaric acid, dulcitol, inositol, sorbitol, adonitol, sucrose, melibiose, lactose, inulin, pyruvate, acetate, glycine, alanine, leucine,
isoleucine, valine, serine, threonine, arginine, and proline.
Negative results for casein hydrolysis, esculin hydrolysis, beta-galactosidase, gelatin hydrolysis, H2S production, indole production,
levan formation, lipase, methyl red test, starch hydrolysis, Voges Proskauer test, and urease, acid production from L-arabinose,
cellobiose, glycerol, D-maltose, mannose, D-ribose, D-trehalose (weak positive in Maylraj's paper).
No utilization of arabinose, succinic acid, citric acid, nicotine, cellulose, cysteine, methionine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, histidine, phenylalanine and tryptophan.
fructose, galactose (usually), D-glucose, lactose, myo-inositol, inulin, melibiose, mannitol, L-rhamnose, sorbitol, salicin, sucrose and
D-xylose (contradictions in text).
Can utilize as sole carbon source mannose, galactose, maltose, fructose, glucose, ribose, xylose, rhamnose, raffinose, trehalose,
fumaric acid, dulcitol, inositol, sorbitol, adonitol, sucrose, melibiose, lactose, inulin, pyruvate, acetate, glycine, alanine, leucine,
isoleucine, valine, serine, threonine, arginine, and proline.
Negative results for casein hydrolysis, esculin hydrolysis, beta-galactosidase, gelatin hydrolysis, H2S production, indole production,
levan formation, lipase, methyl red test, starch hydrolysis, Voges Proskauer test, and urease, acid production from L-arabinose,
cellobiose, glycerol, D-maltose, mannose, D-ribose, D-trehalose (weak positive in Maylraj's paper).
No utilization of arabinose, succinic acid, citric acid, nicotine, cellulose, cysteine, methionine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, histidine, phenylalanine and tryptophan.
(c) Costin Stoica
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