| Sinomonas atrocyanea |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Actinomycetota, Class Actinomycetes, Order Micrococcales, Family Micrococcaceae, Genus Micrococcus, Sinomonas
atrocyanea (Kuhn and Starr 1960) Zhou et al. 2009.
Basonym: Arthrobacter atrocyaneus Kuhn and Starr 1960.
atrocyanea (Kuhn and Starr 1960) Zhou et al. 2009.
Basonym: Arthrobacter atrocyaneus Kuhn and Starr 1960.
Gram-positive cells, showing a rod-coccus growth cycle. Gram staining is variable at
different growth stages: the coccoid cells are Gram-positive; the rods may be
Gram-negative, Gram-positive, or Gram-negative with Gram-positive polar granules.
Rod forms are motile by 1-3 flagella often of considerable length, and arranged
irregularly. Cocci are not motile.
different growth stages: the coccoid cells are Gram-positive; the rods may be
Gram-negative, Gram-positive, or Gram-negative with Gram-positive polar granules.
Rod forms are motile by 1-3 flagella often of considerable length, and arranged
irregularly. Cocci are not motile.
Colonies on nutrient agar are circular, 3-4 mm in diameter, convex, entire,
smooth, grey-white, on yeast extract-glucose-calcium carbonate agar are circular, up to 5 mm. in diameter, convex, entire, smooth, blue
to black with copper-like metallic luster; on peptone agar are circular, up to 5 mm in diameter, convex, entire, smooth, and pale orange.
No growth on asparagine agar or Sguros' nicotine agar.
Optimum temperature for growth 37 ºC at which temperature no blue pigment is produced; grows well at 24 ºC with abundant blue
pigmentation; at 14 ºC there is essentially no growth. Grows moderately well at 39 ºC and 41 ºC, but not at 45 ºC. Aerobic.
smooth, grey-white, on yeast extract-glucose-calcium carbonate agar are circular, up to 5 mm. in diameter, convex, entire, smooth, blue
to black with copper-like metallic luster; on peptone agar are circular, up to 5 mm in diameter, convex, entire, smooth, and pale orange.
No growth on asparagine agar or Sguros' nicotine agar.
Optimum temperature for growth 37 ºC at which temperature no blue pigment is produced; grows well at 24 ºC with abundant blue
pigmentation; at 14 ºC there is essentially no growth. Grows moderately well at 39 ºC and 41 ºC, but not at 45 ºC. Aerobic.
Isolated from mangrove soil of the Tanjung Lumpur forest in Pahang, Malaysia. Susceptible to D-serine, potassium tellurite,
ampicillin, ampicillin sulbactam, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, cephalosporin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin,
penicillin G, streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin. Resistant to nalidixic acid, lithium chloride.
ampicillin, ampicillin sulbactam, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, cephalosporin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin,
penicillin G, streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin. Resistant to nalidixic acid, lithium chloride.
Undetermined.
- Lee LH, Azman AS, Zainal N, Yin WF, Mutalib NS, Chan KG. Sinomonas humi sp. nov., an amylolytic actinobacterium isolated from
mangrove forest soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:996-1002. - Kuhn DA, Starr MP. Arthrobacter atrocyaneus n. sp. and its blue pigment. Archiv für Mikroliologie 1960; 36:175-181.
- Zhou Y, Wei W, Wang X, Lai R. Proposal of Sinomonas flava gen. nov., sp. nov., and description of Sinomonas atrocyanea comb.
nov. to accommodate Arthrobacter atrocyaneus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:259-263. - Zhou Y, Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang W, Xu J. Description of Sinomonas soli sp. nov., reclassification of Arthrobacter echigonensis and
Arthrobacter albidus (Ding et al. 2009) as Sinomonas echigonensis comb. nov. and Sinomonas albida comb. nov., respectively, and
emended description of the genus Sinomonas. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 62:764-769. - Bao YY, Huang Z, Mao DM, Sheng XF, He LY. Sinomonas susongensis sp. nov., isolated from the surface of weathered
biotite. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:1133-1137.
Positive results for amylase, catalase, esterase C4, esterase-lipase C8, alpha- and beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-
glucuronidase, nitrate reduction, Tween 80 hydrolysis (weak), urease, and Voges–Proskauer test (negative in the Kuhn's paper).
Can utilize glucose, inositol, rhamnose and sucrose.
Can assimilate dextrin, maltose, gentiobiose, turanose, raffinose, alpha-lactose, melibiose, methyl beta-D-glucoside, D-galactose, L-
fucose, L-rhamnose, inosine, D-sorbitol, D-arabitol, myo-inositol, glycerol, D-fructose 6-phosphate, L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, L-
galactonic acid lactone, citric acid, D-malic acid, L-malic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, alpha-hydroxybutyric acid, acetic acid and
formic acid.
API 50 CHB acid production from: N-acetylglucosamine, arbutin, D-fucose, galactose, gentibiose (weak), D-glucose (negative in API
20 NE), lactose, maltose, D-mannitol, melibiose, methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, raffinose, D-
ribose, salicin, D-tagatose, and trehalose.
Negative results for acid and alkaline phosphatase, arginine dihydrolase, citrate utilization, cellulose hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis,
beta-glucosidase, H2S production, indole production, methyl red test, tryptophan decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, lysine
decarboxylase. On sugar media produces little (usually transient) or no acidity and no gas from various carbohydrates under
conditions of the routine "fermentation" tests. No utilization of amygdalin, D- and L-arabinose, mannose, melibiose and sorbitol. No
assimilation of D-mannose, L-pyroglutamic and L-serine.
API 50 CHB negative for acidification of D-arabinose, D-arabitol, L-fucose, D-fructose, inositol, inulin, D-mannose, melezitose, L-
rhamnose, D-sorbitol and turanose.
glucuronidase, nitrate reduction, Tween 80 hydrolysis (weak), urease, and Voges–Proskauer test (negative in the Kuhn's paper).
Can utilize glucose, inositol, rhamnose and sucrose.
Can assimilate dextrin, maltose, gentiobiose, turanose, raffinose, alpha-lactose, melibiose, methyl beta-D-glucoside, D-galactose, L-
fucose, L-rhamnose, inosine, D-sorbitol, D-arabitol, myo-inositol, glycerol, D-fructose 6-phosphate, L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, L-
galactonic acid lactone, citric acid, D-malic acid, L-malic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, alpha-hydroxybutyric acid, acetic acid and
formic acid.
API 50 CHB acid production from: N-acetylglucosamine, arbutin, D-fucose, galactose, gentibiose (weak), D-glucose (negative in API
20 NE), lactose, maltose, D-mannitol, melibiose, methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, raffinose, D-
ribose, salicin, D-tagatose, and trehalose.
Negative results for acid and alkaline phosphatase, arginine dihydrolase, citrate utilization, cellulose hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis,
beta-glucosidase, H2S production, indole production, methyl red test, tryptophan decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, lysine
decarboxylase. On sugar media produces little (usually transient) or no acidity and no gas from various carbohydrates under
conditions of the routine "fermentation" tests. No utilization of amygdalin, D- and L-arabinose, mannose, melibiose and sorbitol. No
assimilation of D-mannose, L-pyroglutamic and L-serine.
API 50 CHB negative for acidification of D-arabinose, D-arabitol, L-fucose, D-fructose, inositol, inulin, D-mannose, melezitose, L-
rhamnose, D-sorbitol and turanose.
(c) Costin Stoica
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