| Azotobacter salinestris |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Pseudomonadales, Family Pseudomonadaceae,
Genus Azotobacter, Azotobacter salinestris Page and Shivprasad 1991.
Genus Azotobacter, Azotobacter salinestris Page and Shivprasad 1991.
Gram-negative, elongated and oval cells with pointed ends, 2 x 3-4 µm, occuring singly, in pairs, or chains of six to eight cells. Motile
by peritrichous flagella. Cysts are formed in old cultures. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate is produced. Capsule production is variable.
by peritrichous flagella. Cysts are formed in old cultures. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate is produced. Capsule production is variable.
Colonies are brown to brownish black because of the production of a water-insoluble,
cell-associated catechol melanin. Optimal growth occurs at pH 7.2 to 7.5, and growth
is limited at pH 6.2 and 9.0. Grows at 32 and 37 ºC, but not at 9, 14 or 18 ºC. Higher
available NaCl concentrations promote greater acidification of the medium until a
growth-inhibiting pH is attained. The acid released by nitrogen-fixing cultures on
agar-solidified medium containing 0.5 to 1.5% (wthol) NaCl is sufficient to solubilize
CaCO3. Aerobic. Nitrogen fixation is optimal with molybdate, but nitrogen is fixed by
molybdate-starved cells in the presence of vanadate. Nitrogen fixation is optimal at 35
ºC and minimal at 28 ºC. Nitrogen-fixing growth in liquid medium is initially
microaerophilic, but the cells can adapt to growth in vigorously aerated medium. Cells
inoculated at a low density into nitrogen-free medium or aerated vigorously before
aeroadaptation do not grow. NO,- is assimilated without NO2- or N2 production.
cell-associated catechol melanin. Optimal growth occurs at pH 7.2 to 7.5, and growth
is limited at pH 6.2 and 9.0. Grows at 32 and 37 ºC, but not at 9, 14 or 18 ºC. Higher
available NaCl concentrations promote greater acidification of the medium until a
growth-inhibiting pH is attained. The acid released by nitrogen-fixing cultures on
agar-solidified medium containing 0.5 to 1.5% (wthol) NaCl is sufficient to solubilize
CaCO3. Aerobic. Nitrogen fixation is optimal with molybdate, but nitrogen is fixed by
molybdate-starved cells in the presence of vanadate. Nitrogen fixation is optimal at 35
ºC and minimal at 28 ºC. Nitrogen-fixing growth in liquid medium is initially
microaerophilic, but the cells can adapt to growth in vigorously aerated medium. Cells
inoculated at a low density into nitrogen-free medium or aerated vigorously before
aeroadaptation do not grow. NO,- is assimilated without NO2- or N2 production.
Isolated from slightly saline soils of Western Canada and from a saline Egyptian soil.
Susceptible to streptomycin and kanamycin. Resistant to chloramphenicol.
Susceptible to streptomycin and kanamycin. Resistant to chloramphenicol.
Undetermined.
- Page WJ, Shivprasad S. Azotobacter salinestris sp. nov., a sodium-dependent, microaerophilic, and aeroadaptive nitrogen-fixing
bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1991; 41:369-376. - George M. Garrity, Julia A. Bell & Timothy Lilburn: Order IX Pseudomonadales Orla-Jensen 1921 In: Bergey’s Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology, Second edition,Vol two, part B, George M. Garrity (Editor-in-Chief), 2005, pp. 323-442. - John G. Holt, Noel R. Krieg, Petere H.A. Sneath, James T. Staley, Stanley T. Williams, 1994. Bergey's Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology, Ninth edition. Genus Azotobacter, 77. - Liu L, Yuan T, An Q, Yang M, Mao X, Mo C, Tan Z, Peng G. Azotobacter bryophylli sp. nov., isolated from the succulent plant
Bryophyllum pinnatum. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:1986-1992.
Positive results for amylase, peroxidase and urease, acid production from arabinose, cellobiose, fructose, galactose, glucose,
lactose, mannose, mannitol, melibiose, rhamnose, sucrose, and xylose.
Can utilize acetate, acetyl methylcarbinol, benzoate, fructose, fumarate, D-glucuronate, DL-gluconate, galactose, glucose, glycogen,
alpha-oxoglutarate, lactate, malate, mannitol, melibiose, pyruvate, starch, succinate, and sucrose.
No utilization of arabinose, cellobiose, fucose, glycerol, glutamate, lactose, mannose, rhamnose, ribose, and xylose.
Variable results for catalase.
lactose, mannose, mannitol, melibiose, rhamnose, sucrose, and xylose.
Can utilize acetate, acetyl methylcarbinol, benzoate, fructose, fumarate, D-glucuronate, DL-gluconate, galactose, glucose, glycogen,
alpha-oxoglutarate, lactate, malate, mannitol, melibiose, pyruvate, starch, succinate, and sucrose.
No utilization of arabinose, cellobiose, fucose, glycerol, glutamate, lactose, mannose, rhamnose, ribose, and xylose.
Variable results for catalase.
(c) Costin Stoica
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