| Rugamonas rubra |
Chemoorganotrophic, metabolism is respiratory, never fermentative.
Positive results for acid and alkaline phosphatase, catalase, chitin hydrolysis, DNase, aesculin hydrolysis, esterase-lipase, gelatin
hydrolysis, beta-galactosidase, Koser's citrate, lecithin hydrolysis, leucine arylamidase, malonate, nitrate reduction to nitrogen,
oxidase, phosphoamidase, Tween 20,40,60 and 80 hydrolysis, tyrosine hydrolysis, and urease.
Can utilize as sole carbon source: D-alanine, L-arabinose, DL-arginine, sodium acetate, trisodium citrate, cellobiose, D-fructose,
D-galactose, L-histidine, meso-inositol, sodium DL-lactate, maltose, D-mannose, D-raffinose, D-ribose, DL-serine, D-sorbitol,
sucrose and trehalose.
Negative results for arginine decarboxylase, allantoin hydrolysis, cellulose hydrolysis, elastin hydrolysis, H2S production, indole
production, hypoxanthine hydrolysis, methyl red test, phenylalanine deaminase, starch hydrolysis, Voges-Proskauer test and xanthine
hydrolysis.
No utilization of: adonitol, i-erythritol, sodium malonate, D-melibiose, D-melezitose, D-rhamnose, DL-valine and D-xylose.
Variable results for esterase, lysine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase. Lactose is utilized by some strains.
Positive results for acid and alkaline phosphatase, catalase, chitin hydrolysis, DNase, aesculin hydrolysis, esterase-lipase, gelatin
hydrolysis, beta-galactosidase, Koser's citrate, lecithin hydrolysis, leucine arylamidase, malonate, nitrate reduction to nitrogen,
oxidase, phosphoamidase, Tween 20,40,60 and 80 hydrolysis, tyrosine hydrolysis, and urease.
Can utilize as sole carbon source: D-alanine, L-arabinose, DL-arginine, sodium acetate, trisodium citrate, cellobiose, D-fructose,
D-galactose, L-histidine, meso-inositol, sodium DL-lactate, maltose, D-mannose, D-raffinose, D-ribose, DL-serine, D-sorbitol,
sucrose and trehalose.
Negative results for arginine decarboxylase, allantoin hydrolysis, cellulose hydrolysis, elastin hydrolysis, H2S production, indole
production, hypoxanthine hydrolysis, methyl red test, phenylalanine deaminase, starch hydrolysis, Voges-Proskauer test and xanthine
hydrolysis.
No utilization of: adonitol, i-erythritol, sodium malonate, D-melibiose, D-melezitose, D-rhamnose, DL-valine and D-xylose.
Variable results for esterase, lysine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase. Lactose is utilized by some strains.
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Pseudomonadales, Family Pseudomonadaceae,
Genus Rugamonas, Rugamonas rubra Austin and Moss 1987, type species of the genus.
Genus Rugamonas, Rugamonas rubra Austin and Moss 1987, type species of the genus.
Gram-negative rods with rounded ends, 2.4-4.0 x 0.8-0.9 μm, becoming pleomorphic
after 5 days incubation. Motile by one or more sub-polar/polar flagella. Older cultures
have reduced motility.
after 5 days incubation. Motile by one or more sub-polar/polar flagella. Older cultures
have reduced motility.
Colonies on agar medium develop a wrinkled elevation and rubbery consistency after
incubation for 5 days at 20 ºC. Intracellular granules of prodigiosin develop in old
cells. Cultures in Bennett's broth form pink-red flocs after 7 d. Colonies on Bennett's
agar at 20 ºC are white, shiny and circular after 2-3 days, become pink after 4 days,
and deep red, wrinkled and rubbery in consistency after 5 days, with a diameter of
about 3 mm. Flocs are formed in liquid culture after 7 days. Grows at 4-30 ºC, but not
37 ºC. Optimum temperature is about 25 ºC. No growth on MacConkey agar. Growth
occurs in 0.0-0.5% (w/v) NaCl, and at pH 5-9. Aerobic, no anaerobic growth.
incubation for 5 days at 20 ºC. Intracellular granules of prodigiosin develop in old
cells. Cultures in Bennett's broth form pink-red flocs after 7 d. Colonies on Bennett's
agar at 20 ºC are white, shiny and circular after 2-3 days, become pink after 4 days,
and deep red, wrinkled and rubbery in consistency after 5 days, with a diameter of
about 3 mm. Flocs are formed in liquid culture after 7 days. Grows at 4-30 ºC, but not
37 ºC. Optimum temperature is about 25 ºC. No growth on MacConkey agar. Growth
occurs in 0.0-0.5% (w/v) NaCl, and at pH 5-9. Aerobic, no anaerobic growth.
Isolated from river water.
Sensitive to chloramphenicol (10 ug), chlortetracycline (10 ug), erythromycin (10 ug), furazolidone (50 ug), gentamicin (10 ug),
kanamycin (30 ug), novobiocin (5 ug), oxytetracycline (10 ug), streptomycin (10 ug), sulphafurazole (500 ug), tetracycline (10 ug) and
cotrimoxazole (25 ug). Resistant to ampicillin (2 ug), cloxacillin (5 ug), colistin sulphate (10 ug), neomycin (10 ug), nitrofurantoin (200
ug) and penicillin G (1.5 IU).
Sensitive to chloramphenicol (10 ug), chlortetracycline (10 ug), erythromycin (10 ug), furazolidone (50 ug), gentamicin (10 ug),
kanamycin (30 ug), novobiocin (5 ug), oxytetracycline (10 ug), streptomycin (10 ug), sulphafurazole (500 ug), tetracycline (10 ug) and
cotrimoxazole (25 ug). Resistant to ampicillin (2 ug), cloxacillin (5 ug), colistin sulphate (10 ug), neomycin (10 ug), nitrofurantoin (200
ug) and penicillin G (1.5 IU).
Undetermined.
- Austin DA, Moss MO. Numerical taxonomy of red-pigmented bacteria isolated from a lowland river, with the description of a new
taxon, Rugamonas rubra gen. nov., sp. nov. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1986; 132:1899-1909.
(c) Costin Stoica
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