| Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Bacteroidota, Class Flavobacteriia, Order Flavobacteriales, Family Weeksellaceae, Genus Ornithobacterium,
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale Vandamme, Segers, Vancanneyt, Van Hove, Mutters, Hommez, Dewhirst, Paster, Kersters, Falsen,
Devriese, Bisgaard, Hinz and Mannheim, 1994.
Synonyms: pleomorphic Gram-negative rod (PGNR) (Charlton et al., 1993); Pasteurella-like (Hafez et al., 1993); Kingella-like (van
Beek et al., 1994); Taxon 28 (Bisgaard).
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale Vandamme, Segers, Vancanneyt, Van Hove, Mutters, Hommez, Dewhirst, Paster, Kersters, Falsen,
Devriese, Bisgaard, Hinz and Mannheim, 1994.
Synonyms: pleomorphic Gram-negative rod (PGNR) (Charlton et al., 1993); Pasteurella-like (Hafez et al., 1993); Kingella-like (van
Beek et al., 1994); Taxon 28 (Bisgaard).
Gram-negative pleomorphic rods, 0.2-0.9 x 0.6-5.0 µm. Non-motile. Non-spore-forming.
Colonies are pinpoint after 24 h and small, smooth, non-pigmented or grey to
grey-white, sometimes with a reddish glow and always with a butyric odour after 48 h
of incubation on 5% sheep blood agar under micro-aerophilic conditions (5-10% CO2)
at 37 ºC; on primary isolation, most strains show variation in colony size from 1 to 3
mm after 48 h of incubation. Grow well in BHI broth supplemented with serum.
Grows at 30-42 ºC, optimally at 36-37 ºC; weak growth at 24 ºC. Grows aerobically,
microaerobically, anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere Growth factors are
not required. Not haemolytic; some strains isolated from the lungs and tracheas of
chickens with pneumonia, in Argentina, are beta-haemolytic. No growth on
MacConkey agar. Small-colony variants (SCV) are stable pinpoint colonies even after
ten passages on sheep blood agar.
grey-white, sometimes with a reddish glow and always with a butyric odour after 48 h
of incubation on 5% sheep blood agar under micro-aerophilic conditions (5-10% CO2)
at 37 ºC; on primary isolation, most strains show variation in colony size from 1 to 3
mm after 48 h of incubation. Grow well in BHI broth supplemented with serum.
Grows at 30-42 ºC, optimally at 36-37 ºC; weak growth at 24 ºC. Grows aerobically,
microaerobically, anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere Growth factors are
not required. Not haemolytic; some strains isolated from the lungs and tracheas of
chickens with pneumonia, in Argentina, are beta-haemolytic. No growth on
MacConkey agar. Small-colony variants (SCV) are stable pinpoint colonies even after
ten passages on sheep blood agar.
Isolated from respiratory tract of domestic and wild birds: turkeys, chickens, rooks, partridge, pheasant, pigeon, quail, duck, ostrich,
goose and guinea fowl.
The sensitivity to antibiotics is very inconsistent and appears to depend on the source of strain; it was tested enrofloxacin, tetracycline,
doxycycline, lincomycin, tylosin, flumequine, trimethoprim + sulphonamide, penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, gentamicin, neomycin,
spectinomycin, erythromycin.
Highly sensitive to different chemical disinfectants (organic acids such as formic and glyoxyl acids, and aldehydes) which were able
to inactivate the organism in vitro within 15 min at a concentration of 0.5%.
Some strains can survive intracellularly in murine macrophages.
Some strains has hemagglutinating activity with chicken and rabbit erythrocytes.
goose and guinea fowl.
The sensitivity to antibiotics is very inconsistent and appears to depend on the source of strain; it was tested enrofloxacin, tetracycline,
doxycycline, lincomycin, tylosin, flumequine, trimethoprim + sulphonamide, penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, gentamicin, neomycin,
spectinomycin, erythromycin.
Highly sensitive to different chemical disinfectants (organic acids such as formic and glyoxyl acids, and aldehydes) which were able
to inactivate the organism in vitro within 15 min at a concentration of 0.5%.
Some strains can survive intracellularly in murine macrophages.
Some strains has hemagglutinating activity with chicken and rabbit erythrocytes.
Most isolated strains have been associated with avian infections such as tracheitis, pericarditis, sinusitis, airsacculitis and
pneumonia.
It is considered to be an emergent poultry breeding respiratory pathogen, acting, in generally, opportunistically, although it may be the
primary cause of an infection.
Causes ornitobacteriosis, a disease with mild to severe respiratory conditions, high mortality rates, mainly affecting turkeys and
chickens.
pneumonia.
It is considered to be an emergent poultry breeding respiratory pathogen, acting, in generally, opportunistically, although it may be the
primary cause of an infection.
Causes ornitobacteriosis, a disease with mild to severe respiratory conditions, high mortality rates, mainly affecting turkeys and
chickens.
- Vandamme P, Segers P, Vancanneyt M, Van Hove K, Mutters R, Hommez J, Dewhirst F, Paster B, Kersters K, Falsen E, Devriese
LA, Bisgaard M, Hinz KH and Mannheim W, 1994. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale gen. nov., sp. nov., Isolated from the Avian
Respiratory Tract. Int J Syst Bact 44(1) 24-37. - van Empel PCM & Hafez HM, 1999. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: a review. Avian Pathology 28, 217-227.
- Barbosa EV, Cardoso CV, Silva RCF, Cerqueira AMF, Liberal MHT, Castro HC. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: An Update
Review about An Emerging Poultry Pathogen. Vet Sci. 2019 Dec 27;7(1):3. doi: 10.3390/vetsci7010003. PMID: 31892160; PMCID:
PMC7157751. - Zahra M, Ferreri M, Alkasir R, Yin J, Han B, Su J, 2013. Isolation and characterization of Small-Colony Variants of Ornithobacterium
rhinotracheale. J Clin Microbiol 51(10) 3228-3236. - P. C. M. van Empel & H. M. Hafez (1999) Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: A review, Avian Pathology, 28:3, 217-227.
- Gunther, Ronald & Ryll, Martin & Hinz, Karl-Heinz & Hafez, Hafez. (2002). New Variety of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.
Conference: 4th International Symposium On Turkey DiseasesAt: p. 238 - 244Volume: ISBN 3-936815-58-5 - Hsiang-Jung Tsai, Chen-Wei Huang. Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Isolates of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
from Chickens and Pigeons in Taiwan. Avian Diseases, 50(4):502-507 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1637/7527-031906R.1 - Mayahi, M., Gharibi, D., Ghadimipour, R., & Talazadeh, F. (2016). Isolation, identification and antimicrobial sensitivity of
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in broilers chicken flocks of Khuzestan, Iran. Veterinary Research Forum, 7, 341 - 346.
Positive results for acid and alkaline phosphatase, alanine arylamidase, arginine dihydrolase, alpha-arabinosidase, chondroitin
sulfatase, cysteine arylamidase, esterase C4, esterase lipase C8, alpha- and beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, glycine
arylamidase, hyaluronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, leucine arylamidase, lysine arylamidase, oxidase (negative for SCV),
phosphoamidase, phosphodiesterase, proline arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, valine arylamidase, Voges-Proskauer test, acid
production from: arabinose, D-fructose (most strains), D-galactose, D-glucose (without gas production; may be negative on API NE) ,
lactose, D-mannose (most strains), N-acetylglucosamine, and starch.
Negative results for catalase, citrate Simmons, DNase, aesculin hydrolysis, alpha-fucosidase, gelatinase, beta-glucosidase,
beta-glucoronidase, hippurate hydrolysis, H2S (TSI), indole production, lipase C14, lysine decarboxylase, lecithinase,
alpha-mannosidase, methyl red test, nitrate reduction, ornithine decarboxylase, phospholipase, phenylalanine deaminase, acid
production from dulcitol, L-fucose, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and D-xylose.
No assimilation (API 20 NE) of glucose, arabinose, mannose, mannitol, N-acetyl-glucosamine, maltose, gluconate, caprate, adipate,
malate, citrate and phenyl-acetate.
Variable results for urease (negative for SCV), acid production from maltose and D-ribose.
Description is based on API results (API ZYM, API 20NE code 0220004, 0020004, 0320004, 0120004 and, for SCV, 0020000)
sulfatase, cysteine arylamidase, esterase C4, esterase lipase C8, alpha- and beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, glycine
arylamidase, hyaluronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, leucine arylamidase, lysine arylamidase, oxidase (negative for SCV),
phosphoamidase, phosphodiesterase, proline arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, valine arylamidase, Voges-Proskauer test, acid
production from: arabinose, D-fructose (most strains), D-galactose, D-glucose (without gas production; may be negative on API NE) ,
lactose, D-mannose (most strains), N-acetylglucosamine, and starch.
Negative results for catalase, citrate Simmons, DNase, aesculin hydrolysis, alpha-fucosidase, gelatinase, beta-glucosidase,
beta-glucoronidase, hippurate hydrolysis, H2S (TSI), indole production, lipase C14, lysine decarboxylase, lecithinase,
alpha-mannosidase, methyl red test, nitrate reduction, ornithine decarboxylase, phospholipase, phenylalanine deaminase, acid
production from dulcitol, L-fucose, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and D-xylose.
No assimilation (API 20 NE) of glucose, arabinose, mannose, mannitol, N-acetyl-glucosamine, maltose, gluconate, caprate, adipate,
malate, citrate and phenyl-acetate.
Variable results for urease (negative for SCV), acid production from maltose and D-ribose.
Description is based on API results (API ZYM, API 20NE code 0220004, 0020004, 0320004, 0120004 and, for SCV, 0020000)
(c) Costin Stoica
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